The initial plan for the Apollo 13 Lunar Module (LM or LEM) was to land in the Fra Mauro region of the Moon. The Apollo 13 lunar landing mission was abandoned two days after launch on April 13, 1970, when an oxygen tank on the Command and Service Module (CSM) overheated and exploded. Because the CSM could not provide life support, the LM, which was meant to support two men for 45 hours, was used as a lifeboat to house the three astronauts (Commander James A. Lovell Jr., CSM pilot John L. Swigert Jr., and LM pilot Fred W. Haise Jr.) for 90 hours. For the duration of the voyage, energy and water usage were dramatically reduced, and the CM lithium hydroxide cannisters, which were used to scrub carbon dioxide from the air, were converted for use on the LM. The LM descent engine was used to speed the spacecraft around the Moon and back to Earth as the Apollo 13 proceeded on to the Moon. The astronauts returned to the Command Module for reentry after the LM was discarded soon before reaching Earth. The LM re-entered the atmosphere over the southwest Pacific and burned up, with any remaining fragments crashing into the deep ocean off the coast of New Zealand.
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Lunar Module Spacecraft and Subsystems
The lunar module was a two-stage spacecraft that was planned to conduct operations near and on the Moon. The mass of the LM was 15,188 kg, which included crew, expendables, and 10,691 kg of propellants. The LM’s ascent and descent stages worked together until staging, at which point the ascent stage became a single spacecraft for rendezvous and docking with the command and service module (CSM). The descending stage was an octagonal prism 4.2 meters across and 1.7 meters thick that made up the lowest half of the spaceship. The bottom of the descent stage was suspended 1.5 meters above the surface by four landing legs with spherical footpads installed on the sides of the stage. On opposing landing legs, the distance between the ends of the footpads was 9.4 meters. A small astronaut egress platform and ladder were built into one of the legs. From the stage’s bottom, a one-meter-long conical descending engine skirt protruded. The landing rocket, two tanks of aerozine 50 fuel, two tanks of nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer, water, oxygen, and helium tanks, and storage space for lunar equipment and experiments, as well as the lunar rover in the case of Apollo 15, 16, and 17. The fall stage was created to serve as a launch pad for the ascent stage from the Moon.
The climb stage was a 2.8-meter-high, 4.0-by-4.3-meter-wide irregularly shaped unit mounted on top of the fall stage. The astronauts were housed in a 6.65 cubic meter pressurized crew compartment on the ascent stage. On one side, there was an ingress-egress gate, and on top, there was a docking hatch for connecting to the CSM. A parabolic rendezvous radar antenna, a steerable parabolic S-band antenna, and two in-flight VHF antennas were also placed along the top. Above and to either side of the egress hatch were two triangular windows, and four thrust chamber assemblies were positioned around the sidewalls. The ascending engine located at the very bottom of the unit. The stage also had tanks for helium, liquid oxygen, gaseous oxygen, and reaction control fuel, as well as an aerozine 50 fuel and oxidizer tank. In the LM, there were no seats available. A control console was situated above the ingress-egress hatch and between the windows in the front of the crew compartment, with two more control panels mounted on the side walls. At the conclusion of lunar surface operations, the ascent stage was to be launched from the Moon, returning the men to the CSM.
A deep-throttling ablative rocket with a maximum thrust of around 45,000 N was installed on a gimbal ring in the center of the descent stage as the descent engine. The ascension engine was a constant-thrust, fixed-thrust rocket with a thrust of around 15,000 N. The reaction control system, which comprised of four thrust modules, each with four 450 N thrust chambers and nozzles pointing in separate directions, was used to maneuver. The S-band antenna was used for telemetry, TV, voice, and range communications with Earth. The astronauts and the LM, as well as the LM and the circling CSM, communicated through VHF. Both S-band and VHF tranceivers and equipment were redundant. The electronics and cabin were kept at a constant temperature thanks to an environmental management system that regenerated oxygen. Six silver-zinc batteries provided power. A radar ranging system, an inertial measurement unit with gyroscopes and accelerometers, and the Apollo guidance computer provided guidance and navigation control.
What happened to the Apollo 13 service module?
An explosion and rupture of oxygen tank no. 2 in the service module caused the Apollo 13 malfunction. The explosion damaged or punctured a line in the no. 1 oxygen tank, causing it to rapidly lose oxygen.
Is the LEM from Apollo 11 still in orbit?
The Eagle was abandoned in lunar orbit when the crew re-boarded Columbia. Although its eventual destiny is unclear, physicist James Meador’s simulations released in 2021 suggested that Eagle may conceivably still be in lunar orbit.
Is the service module from Apollo 13 still in orbit?
The Apollo 13 mission was supposed to be the third to take humans to the Moon’s surface, but an explosion of one of the oxygen tanks and the subsequent damage to other systems forced the mission to be canceled before the planned lunar landing could take place. On April 17, 1970, the crew, which included commander James A. Lovell, Jr., command module pilot John L. Swigert, Jr., and lunar module pilot Fred W. Haise Jr., returned safely to Earth.
Mission Profile
April 17 at 12:53 UT.
The crew photographed the damage after the service module, which had been kept attached to the command module to protect the heat shield, was jettisoned on 17 April at 13:15:06 UT. At 16:43:02 UT, the command module was started up and the lunar module was jettisoned. Any parts of the lunar module that survived atmospheric re-entry, including the SNAP-27 generator, which contained 3.9 kg of plutonium and was intended to power the ALSEP apparatus on the lunar surface, fell into the Pacific Ocean northeast of New Zealand. After a mission that lasted 142 hours, 54 minutes, and 41 seconds, Apollo 13 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on April 17, 1970, at 18:07:41 UT (1:07:41 p.m. EST). The splashdown occurred at 21 degrees 38 minutes south latitude, 165 degrees 22 minutes west latitude, southeast of American Samoa, and 6.5 kilometers (4 miles) from the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima.
The Apollo H-series spacecraft was the second in the series. The mission’s goals were to (1) explore the moon’s hilly upland Fra Mauro region, (2) conduct selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of material in the Fra Mauro formation, (3) deploy and activate an Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP), (4) further develop man’s capability to work in the lunar environment, and (5) obtain photographs of potential lunar exploration sites. These objectives were to be accomplished from a near-circular lunar orbit and on the lunar surface at 3 degrees south latitude and 17 degrees west longitude. Despite the fact that the mission’s planned objectives were not met, a limited amount of photographic data was obtained. Haise and Swigert were both civilians on their first spaceflights, while Lovell was a Navy captain on his fourth spaceflight (he’d previously flown on Gemini 7, Gemini 12, and Apollo 8). John Young, Charles Duke, and John Swigert were the backup crew (who replaced Thomas Mattingly on the prime crew after the crew was exposed to German measles). The Apollo 13 Command Module “Odyssey” is now on display at Hutchinson, Kansas’ Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center. It was first shown at the Musee de l’Air in Paris, France.
Spacecraft and Subsystems
The Command and Service Module (CSM) was made up of two separate units: the Command Module (CM), which housed the crew, spacecraft operations systems, and re-entry equipment, and the Service Module (SM), which carried the majority of the consumables (oxygen, water, helium, fuel cells, and fuel) as well as the main propulsion system. The two coupled modules had a total length of 11.0 meters and a maximum diameter of 3.9 meters. All of the crewed Apollo missions used Block II CSMs. The launch mass of the Apollo 13 CSM was 28,881 kilograms, including propellants and expendables, with the Command Module (CM 109) weighing 5703 kg and the Service Module (SM 109) weighing 23,178 kg.
For communications between astronauts, CM, LM, and Earth, telecommunications included voice, television, data, and tracking and ranging subsystems. An S-band uplink and downlink system provided voice interaction. A uniform S-band transponder was used to track the satellites. At the SM’s aft end, a high gain steerable S-band antenna with four 79-cm diameter parabolic dishes was installed on a folding boom. The SM was also equipped with two VHF scimitar antennas. A VHF recovery beacon was also installed in the CM. The cabin atmosphere, pressure, temperature, carbon dioxide, scents, particulates, and ventilation were all managed by the CSM environmental control system, which also controlled the temperature range of the electronic equipment.
Command Module
The CM was a 3.65-meter-high conical pressure vessel with a maximum diameter of 3.9 meters at its base. It was constructed from an aluminum honeycomb sandwiched between sheets of aluminum alloy. The CM’s base was made up of a heat shield constructed of brazed stainless steel honeycomb that was filled with phenolic epoxy resin as an ablative substance and ranged in thickness from 1.8 to 6.9 cm. The hatch and docking system at the apex of the cone was meant to mate with the lunar module. Three chambers were created in the CM. The three 25.4 m diameter main parachutes, two 5 m drogue parachutes, and pilot mortar chutes for Earth landing were stored in the forward compartment of the cone’s snout. Propeller tanks, reaction control engines, wiring, and plumbing were all housed in the aft compartment, which was located around the base of the CM. The crew compartment took up the majority of the CM’s volume, with 6.17 cubic meters of space. In the center of the compartment, three astronaut couches were lined up facing forward. Above the middle couch, there was a big access hatch. The docking hatch in the CM nose was reached through a small access tunnel. The astronauts’ controls, displays, navigation devices, and other systems were kept in the crew compartment. The CM had five windows: one in the access door, one in each of the two outer seats next to each astronaut, and two forward-facing rendezvous windows. After the CM and SM separated, five silver/zinc-oxide batteries provided power: three for re-entry and landing, and two for vehicle separation and parachute deployment. Twelve 420 N nitrogen tetroxide/hydrazine reaction control thrusters were installed aboard the CM. After the mission’s separation from the Service Module, the CM provided re-entry capabilities.
Service Module
The SM was a 3.9-meter-diameter, 7.6-meter-long cylinder attached to the back of the CM. The SM’s outside skin is made up of 2.5-cm-thick aluminum honeycomb sheets. Milled aluminum radial beams separated the room into six parts around a center cylinder. A gimbal-mounted re-startable hypergolic liquid propellant 91,000 N engine with a cone-shaped engine nozzle was positioned in the central cylinder at the back of the SM. Four identical banks of four 450 N reaction control thrusters were positioned 90 degrees apart around the forward portion of the SM to provide attitude control. Three 31-cell hydrogen oxygen fuel cells with a 28-volt output, two cryogenic oxygen and two cryogenic hydrogen tanks, four tanks for the main propulsion engine, two for fuel and two for oxidizer, and the main propulsion unit’s subsystems were housed in the six sections of the SM. In the middle cylinder, two helium tanks were installed. Environmental control radiator panels were distributed around the bottom of the cylinder, with electrical power system radiators at the top.
Apollo Program
There were many uncrewed test missions in the Apollo program, as well as 12 crewed missions: three Earth orbiting missions (Apollo 7, 9, and Apollo-Soyuz), two lunar orbiting missions (Apollo 8 and 10), a lunar swingby (Apollo 13), and six Moon landing missions (Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17). Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Charles Conrad, Alan Bean, Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, David Scott, James Irwin, John Young, Charles Duke, Gene Cernan, and Harrison Schmitt were the only humans to walk on another solar system body (Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Charles Conrad, Alan Bean, Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, David Scott, James Irwin, John Young, Charles Duke, Gene Cernan, and Harrison Schmitt). The Apollo program received approximately $20,443,600,000 in total funding.
What happened to Snoopy, the lunar module?
Since 1970, the Smithsonian Institution has been in charge of the command module Charlie Brown. The spaceship was on display in a number of nations until 1978, when it was loaned to the London Science Museum. Just before re-entry, Charlie Brown’s service module (SM) was jettisoned and burned up in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The Saturn V’s S-IVB third stage was driven past Earth escape velocity during translunar injection and became a derelict object in heliocentric orbit as of 2020.
The Apollo Lunar Module Snoopy’s ascending stage was jettisoned into heliocentric orbit. Nick Howes, a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, reported on June 10, 2019, that he and his colleagues had identified Snoopy, whose whereabouts had previously been unknown, with 98 percent certainty using radar astronomy data.
The descent stage of Snoopy was ejected into lunar orbit, and its current location is unknown.
It’s also uncertain if the descent stage collided with the moon’s surface or remained in lunar orbit.
The descending stage “crashed at an unknown area,” according to Phil Stooke, a planetary scientist who researched the lunar crash sites of the LM’s ascent stages, and another source indicated that the descent stage “eventually impact(ed) within a few degrees of the equator on the near side.”
Richard Orloff and an official NASA mission account, on the other hand, simply said that the descent stage entered lunar orbit, leaving the question of whether the stage later impacted the Moon unanswered.
Using computer simulation, an amateur astronomy blog started in early 2020 investigated the possibility that the descent stage was still in lunar orbit.
What happened to the Eagle lander on the moon?
Independent researcher James Meador of the California Institute of Technology had an idea: he could track where the Apollo 11 ascent stage crashed after returning astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the command module following the first lunar landing in 1969 using new gravitational data from the Moon. He was ecstatic about the prospect of locating the impact site on the moon for historical purposes.
Meador realized something critical as he ran his calculations from the spacecraft’s final known locationabout 125 kilometers above the lunar surfacethe ascent stage vehicle might not have crashed as everyone imagined. He speculated that it might still be orbiting the moon.
According to Meador’s current research, the ascent vehicle may still be visible and detectable using radar or even a telescope. The paper was first released on arXiv, a peer-reviewed preprint server for unpublished research, in May and will be published in Science Direct’s peer-reviewed journal Planetary and Space Science in October.
“The Eagle was left in lunar orbit, and everyone just kind of forgot about it, and the assumption was that it had struck the Moon decades ago,” Meador tells New Scientist magazine’s Jonathan O’Callaghan. The spacecraft may be in the exact orbit it was left in on July 21, 1969, according to the study.
Meador based his findings on data from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission, which employed two satellites to monitor lunar gravitational changes. He expected to locate the location where the Eagle had crashed into the moon when he entered those figures into the General Mission Analysis Tool simulator, an open-source space navigation calculator. Instead, the paths revealed that the spacecraft was still in orbit, nearly the same distance from the surface as when it was launched five decades ago, according to New Atlas’ David Szondy.
“These numerical experiments support the hypothesis that, despite the uncertainty of the initial conditions, the true orbit of the Eagle exhibits long-term stability, and the spacecraft would not have collided with the Moon due to gravitational effects,” Meador writes in a Discover magazine article.
The Eagle’s exact fate is unknown, owing to NASA’s policy of not tracking its spacecraft after a mission is over. According to Meador’s estimates, it could still be in lunar orbit or it could have exploded. According to Discover magazine, the United States space agency speculates that leaky fuel and corroded batteries may have caused the module to succumb to old gear rather than gravity.
According to Meador, properly focused radar should be able to identify the ascending stage if it is still present.
If it is, its historical significance may be sufficient to justify a space recovery operation.
“Many people would be ecstatic to learn that this object still existed,” Meador tells New Scientist. “Bringing it down to Earth and displaying it in a museum would be incredible.”
Was the Apollo 13 service module destroyed by fire?
The oxygen tank on the service module of NASA’s iconic Apollo 13 flight exploded on April 14, 50 years ago. The mission’s Moon landing was canceled following the explosion, throwing the three men into a frenzied dash to save their lives with Mission Control. In 1995, the award-winning film Apollo 13 starring Tom Hanks as commander Jim Lovell was released.
What happened to the Apollo 8 capsule?
The first manned Saturn V launch, Apollo 8, took place on December 21, 1968. Commander Frank Borman led the crew, with James Lovell as the Command Module Pilot and William Anders as the Lunar Module Pilot (despite the fact that there was no Lunar Module). The mission was significant in history since it was the first manned mission beyond Earth orbit and the first to the moon. The Saturn third stage launched Apollo 8 (CSM 103) towards the moon after two Earth orbits to check out spacecraft systems. Apollo 8 became the first manned spacecraft to orbit the moon on December 24. The spacecraft orbited the moon ten times before returning to Earth and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean on December 27. The Apollo 8 mission was described as 99.9% successful, paving the groundwork for manned lunar landings seven months later.
In 1971, the Command Module was given to the Smithsonian Institution. It was loaned to the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago after a temporary display at two NASA locations.